The Greatest Show on Earth

Yet again Richard Dawkins has impressed me with his latest book The Greatest Show on Earth. This book goes beyond the interesting facets of evolution and shows the mountains of evidence for evolution. Throughout the book Dawkins addresses the critiques made by the deniers of evolution.

Dawkins spends a good amount of text covering the basics, the fundamentals that are the building blocks for biology. He uses one chapter to cover geology, including the evidence of the age of the Earth: 4.5 billion years. He talks about how the continents have moved and how the species on the continents match up with the separation of the continents. I enjoyed learning about how a single cell grows into a human being in nine months. Again, Dawkins ties the details into evolution via the development of other species.

I also enjoyed learning about the different hominid species that have evolved since the evolutionary split from chimpanzees six million years ago. The author shows ample evidence of so-called missing links that have been discovered. He also gives a fascinating discussion about turtles and tortoises. Some species of tortoise may have made a second venture from sea to land. There is a great section about the analogues of our skeletons among the mammals and other vertebrates, especially when he compares the human hand to the wing of a bat.

This is a good book which is only enhanced by listening to the audio edition, where Dawkins and his wife do the reading. I learned facts and concepts that support evolution, plus the arguments against the silly ideas of creationism. The illustrations--which I found on the Internet--are great additions to the text. Dawkins presents a great case for the truth and beauty of evolution. A

The Blank Slate

Steven Pinker's The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature is a fascinating review of evolutionary psychology and the backlash against it both in academia and popular culture. Pinker illustrates a broad range of scientific studies and evidence in support of evolutionary psychology. He then shows the reaction against it and provides counterarguments.

Evolutionary psychology is the study of how genes and natural selection affect human behavior. The first important concept Pinker introduces is the difference between ultimate cause and proximate cause. An ultimate cause is an historical factor that led to a decision to be made or a behavior: generally one's genes and one's upbringing. The proximate cause is the immediate factor that led to the behavior. It seems obvious that a person's behavior is influenced by their past and the formation of their brain.

Yet there is a strong reaction against the idea that we may be influenced by the genes our ancient ancestors passed on to us. This reaction seems to come in two particular ways. First, there is a general aversion to any ultimate cause that appears to detract from the moral responsibility from one's actions. This can be dealt with by acknowledging that we do not act in a vacuum, and that one's past does not give one absolution for behavior. Just like we do not absolve someone due to a poor childhood, we do not grant a pass due to bad genes.

The other reaction against the idea is by those who believe that the human mind is empty of any inherent structures and is formed by the culture surrounding it. This view is often held by Marxists and other idealists who believe it is possible to recreate society based on their own ideas of human nature. The less basic human nature we are both with, the easier it is to transform humanity for different purposes. If there is a large set of behaviors built in, then it is impossible to shape society to an ideal. Moreover, certain behaviors such as prejudice and violence may be an inevitable consequence of being human. The idea that violence is a part of human nature goes against some ideologies or academic disciplines such as sociology, and is a repellent idea for many others. (I was struck by the revelation that E. O. Wilson was attacked for being a Nazi after his publication of Sociobiology, his seminal 1975 popular science book. Apparently the final chapter on humans was too cold a look at behavior.)

It seems pretty obvious to me (and Pinker does a good job of showing this) that society is largely responsible for reducing violence in the face of a strong genetic predisposition. We are after all primates, and it is unlikely that violence would be eradicated from our DNA completely. He shows that primitive human societies are more violent than Western society. Studies have shown little or no correlation between violent media and violent children.

I found the most persuasive evidence the studies evaluating the correlation in behavior between parents and children. To quote Pinker: "First, adult siblings are equally similar whether they grew up together or apart. Second, adoptive siblings are no more similar than two people plucked off the street at random. And third, identical twins are no more similar than one would expect from the effects of their shared genes." This comes from the chapter on children and parents. It is astonishing to learn that about 50% of children's behaviors can be accounted for by their genes, with much of the rest accounted for by their peers. What is more astonishing is to learn of people's reactions such as "So it doesn't matter how I treat my kids?" Of course it matters! They are human beings after all. Pinker shows how silly and reductionist this argument can be.

Pinker does a great job at showing the evidence against a blank slate, the arguments for it, and the counter arguments. He makes important points, like just because men or women have different abilities doesn't mean we should have artificial barriers of opportunity: everyone should be equal under the law. Abilities are after all part of a normal distribution. We should not take any scientific discovery as a reason to change our moral codes. He addresses the naturalistic fallacy square on: the notion that something that occurs in nature must be moral. There are many behaviors in nature that we know are immoral, such as murder, rape and theft. The discovery that there is a natural basis for these does not mean that we should promote or tolerate them. To use his analogy, when Galileo showed that the heavens were not immutable spheres of crystal, people were scandalized to imagine what would happen to morality. "It's hard for us to imagine why the three-dimensional arrangement of rock and gas in space should have anything to do with right and wrong or with the meaning and purpose of our lives.... because the very idea that morality has something to do with a Great Chain of Being was daffy to begin with." Likewise, we shouldn't link our principles of freedom and equality to any scientific theory or set of facts.

I highly recommend this book to anyone who wants to understand human nature, as well as the framework that society has used to deny it. A+